?Evaluate?the?relevance?for?business?of?human?rights?provisions
???in?the?context?of?environment?protection
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??Contents
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??I.?Introduction
??II.?Relationship?between?Human?Rights?and?Environmental?Protection
??III.?Environmental?Human?Rights
??IV.?Human?Rights?Approaches?to?Environmental?Protection?in?Practice
??V.?Advantages?and?Disadvantages?of?a?Human?Rights?Approach
??VI.?Conclusion
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??I.Introduction
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??The?United?Nations?Universal?Declaration?of?Human?Rights?does?not?mention?pollution—environmental?protection?received?scant?attention?in?1948.?In?those?days?the?adverse?impacts?of?environmental?harm?was?not?much?felt?by?the?people.?The?issue?of?environmental?protection?and?human?rights?started?from?the?UN?Conference?on?Human?Environment?Stockholm?Declaration”?in?1972,?in?which,?principle?1?states?man?has?the?fundamental?right?to?freedom,?equality?and?adequate?conditions?of?life,?in?an?environment?of?a?quality?that?permits?a?life?of?dignity?and?well?being”.?Since?the?Rio?Declaration?of?Environment”?in?1992,?which?lead?to?more?important?developments,?the?nexus?were?cautious?in?accepting?that?international?environmental?policy?had?developed?into?a?regime?of?international?law”.?A?number?of?cases?and?development?that?happened?in?this?field?demonstrate?the?rising?universal?awareness?of?urgent?action?at?the?regional,?national,?and?international.
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??Recently,?this?issue?is?widely?considered?since?the?UK?government?published?a?White?Paper,?bringing?rights?home”together?with?the?Human?Rights?Bill.?The?Human?Rights?Act?1998?introduces?provisions?that?touch?most?areas?of?private?and?business?life?and?unquestionably?has?the?potential?to?bring?about?fundamental?changes?for?British?people,?who?will?then?be?able?to?assert?and?enforce?their?rights?under?the?Convention?through?all?the?ordinary?United?Kingdom?courts?and?tribunals,?rather?than?relying?solely?on?a?belated?remedy?from?the?European?Court?of?Human?Rights?in?Strasbourg.?This?change?will?come?at?some?practical?cost.?Once?the?convention?is?incorporated,?there?will?undoubtedly?be?a?protracted?period?of?uncertainty?and?a?flurry?of?case?law”?.On?the?other?hand,?in?the?words?of?Lord?Scarman,?it?may?be?little?more?than?an?opportunity?to?freshen?up?the?principles?of?common?law”?.?Or?the?other,?one?must?bear?in?mind?the?now?notorious?words?of?a?senior?Scottish?judge,?Lord?McCluskey,?who?has?cited?the?experience?of?the?introduction?of?a?similar?Charter?of?Rights?in?Canada?and?the?words?of?a?Canadian?senator?that?it?will?be?a?field?day?for?crackpots,?a?pain?in?the?neck?for?judges?and?a?gold?mine?for?lawyers”?.?Against?that?background,?this?article?attempts?to?address?the?link?between?human?rights?and?the?environmental?protection,?review?the?relative?cases?in?practice,?and?try?to?evaluate?the?relevance?for?business?of?human?right?in?the?context?of?environmental?protection.